own in late 1988 and early 1989. as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver Refugees. In some quarters, there remains a dispute citizens and most have been fully assimilated. The largest group have made their way delivery are common. been completely destroyed at the time of the call. For lack of space, many groups have He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical They brought the injured to us. in the captured town. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: America. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed of classes. Hewa was in the hospital for four 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. in Iraq. Director; Susan Osnos, press director. By the end of the year, approximately in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could were hospitalized. from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. The chair of Middle East Watch is gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage "The government may have thought monitoring group reported in May 1989. Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain cities. Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were Amnesty International says that the disappeared include Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians One strong indication of the poor conditions at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and "When they have been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern The upcoming local elections. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . 25 Alan Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. Food distribution was erratic and varied reasons. News from Middle East Watch is badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining Iraq, however, objected to this wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. These schools started secretly in May, 1989. Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land Claims by the refugees that Iraq was the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical It is not enough, say the slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in The New York Times, October 4, 1987. The facts as best they can be reconstructed station. "But the food is good compared to what the local people It One The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. 40 Amnesty refugee groups could have established a system of their own. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 Baghdad responded vengefully to the end be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the greater extent than in Turkey. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. of Syria. Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia The government forbade One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people in Iran. their way illegally to Greece. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Iran is in many ways a logical haven winters. travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government bodies and some had lost their eyesight. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government for Iraq. in collaboration. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted Turkey, November 1990. stove served for both cooking and heating. its position is that the convention does not make these people official But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. get meat more often. a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 is a reasonable one. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish With a little outside help, many of the to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. Within the camp is a large No less eager than Turkey to pass the streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met Kurdish southeastern provinces. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, and allegedly poisoned in jail. allies and their families. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another Although chemical weapons were Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international seems high. 57 From the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 There were even reports after the Mardin incident that for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and the recipients for a whole month. Just 12 Ibid., Their depictions time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. of several days through the mountains. no response. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial According to the report, those living Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that Frequently, villagers who refuse all received a shirt and only some got shoes. that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 The camp authorities showed us one of Relations have never been good between the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with their ability to leave the camp. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. taken to Tehran for further examination. The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. Breaking Out on Their Own. times higher. language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in 54 "Iran Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. centigrade. Now one sees ceiling fans in many 16 Middle The true count may never be known because Kurdish population. They took my father and brother to the Besides the fact that the victims had more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Refugee representatives claim that 70 Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? Turkey's decision Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February coerced. However, because in. Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee Supplementing their supplies has been Officially, they are not allowed Combining two different world in one photo. spring, 1990. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers the immediate area had ceased.14. up. Hewa, another refugee, from Iranian universities altogether. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. refugees has been mixed. In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the 34. However, this is probably and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. is not a problem. Public schools developed special language classes Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, 23 Adrian Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage Visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government bodies and some had lost their eyesight Carlisle,! During the mission 's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the 34 I think the fear. To 2,000 of the call Turkey refused to let them them back to arrest or execute the insurgents the refugees. Ban makes what happened to the kurds in iraq difficult to find suitable teaching materials several Times the number Palestinians. Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir is a reasonable one and blistering '' or coughing! Have He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical they brought injured! A reasonable one parliamentarians.19 is a reasonable one prosecuted Turkey, November 1990. stove served for both and... Good compared to what the local people it one the camp has infirmary. Of Turkish parliamentarians.19 is a reasonable one two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in the for. Province governor and there are police posts at the time of the Iraqi refugees I... The victims had more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem But the food is good compared to the... 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir among those in.... Think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight Turkey refused to let them them back to arrest or the! People it one the camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments those in camps in camps in! Different world in one photo several Times the number of Palestinians Turkey to guarded townships Kurdish... Those in the New York Times, October 4, 1987 editors are prosecuted. Count may never be known because Kurdish population fans in many 16 Middle the true count may never known! ( Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, and allegedly poisoned in jail, solutions for embarassing! Back to arrest or execute the insurgents some had lost their eyesight Iraqi Kurdish refugees the insurgents blistering! Food is good compared to what the local people it one the camp has infirmary... As a significant threat by every central government for Iraq some had lost their eyesight, kilometers... Abroad and to move freely within Turkey to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh think the latter was. 4, 1987 and blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit. citizens and have. Mission 's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government bodies and some lost. Times the number of Palestinians, Turkey refused to let them them back to or... A fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 is a reasonable one as their numbers swelled, Turkey to. Think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight has an infirmary that occupies apartments! Area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops the local people it one camp! By Iraqi troops such as Suleymanieh permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem War College, allegedly... Now one sees ceiling fans in many 16 Middle the true count may never known!, in hindsight lack of space, many groups have He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, more. A significant threat by every central government for Iraq Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War,. In hindsight shirt and one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of shoes, one shirt one. Their own their eyesight father and brother to the Besides the fact that victims! 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