endobj This suggests that the transient crater collapse in the modification stage is largely driven by gravity (gMoon ~ 1/6 gEarth). JI,ZbXr}n9=^,eIgtU_=F#-K}_^(qyk1bZe|}elK)&Hc:GVtOd~Y@0IA$2i hvF~/_?g@-)(|#)s5.eK%x]G4;kY|^B8I(JY4+Tl7l1Q)>.ux92BfiYnWy%:./#5*j?hv`SEzY8D7\I&RdEO)I[G*ZGy7HjkvKXE@tiYrG:f3' uoiTK"EF]d[59qqgrP~ "UJ|gmPBO(+aS7Gj{k}xeET]A EIx-X]28dy,}Isx.cepq 7rbr:^v4>iHJgEqA&`DA.FYle1}7#W;G-+h 13) hits the earth? 7) will result. ), 1987, Glossary of Geology. Although the resulting depression may bear some resemblance to the hole that results from throwing a pebble into a sandbox, the . How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? This portion of the Moon is covered by numerous circular holes. It was declared a national monument by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. The white material comprising the central peak is glass microbeads. Few, if any, crystals will be visible. The dark basins can be seen by the naked eye. Impact craters allow scientists to study a planet's geological historyeven when the records are buried beneath the surface. Albite has a chemical composition of NaAlSi3O8, while anorthite's chemical compositon is CaAl2Si2O8. Valleys on western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site. Melosh, H.J. But Earth has several things the moon doesnt an atmosphere and liquid water that cause erosion. 13 0 obj Metaconglomerate is composed of pebbles and gravel that have been flattened due to directed pressure. Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. HVsT{! Texture is divided into two groups. <> endobj Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. Geologic processes have not erased the craters with time. How can you tell? 2 0 obj endobj The size and shape of the crater and the amount of material excavated depends on factors such as the velocity and mass of the impacting body and the geology of the surface. Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. It is true meteorites crashing as stones from the sky at free-fall velocity may in fact produce small craters in the ground similar to mud and hailstone craters. 9 0 obj Typically bowl-shaped craters. Igneous rocks can be identified by the determination of the composition and texture of the rock. Measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma. The modification stage of impact cratering. Three types of sedimentary rock "texture" are clastic, chemical, and biologic. The somewhat blurred contours are not surprising giventhe impact happened into water and a soft, water-saturated target rock. (Viking mosaic P-17698) 9. Mars, like the Earth, has seasons. -+eh5 L*]>;ppq Justify your answer. 16. Limestone containing fossils is referred to as fossiliferous limestone. Image from the Viking Orbiter, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. 21. Nevertheless, the resulting impact crater is more or less circular unless the angle of incidence is very low, less than 10. During an impact, buried material is ejected while outward pressure pushes the rock at the crater's edge upward, forming a rim. During the excavation phase, the massive shock wave causes the projectile to simultaneously melt and vaporize, spewing plumes of searing hot rock vapor miles high into the atmosphere. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. Indeed, impact craters are one of the most common geological landforms on the majority of rocky terrestrial planets, asteroids, and many of the rocky and icy moons of the inner and outer Solar System. Astronomy Gift Shop: http://www.astronomydvd.com/shop.aspx How were the Moon's craters and maria formed? 288 pp, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986. 14 0 obj You will have to calculate an approximate image scale from the height of the peak in the foreground.) Scientists also think that faster cooling, like when lava is exposed to water, may also help with the formation of these columns. 15. It has some of the clearest water in the world, and the bottom lies nearly 2,000 feet below the surface, making it the deepest lake in the United States.You can gaze down on it from lookouts along the Rim Drive, part of the 500-mile-long Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.Or you can peer into its depths during a boat tour to Wizard Island (formed by a more . For instance, the famous Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, is thought to be the site of the meteor impact that instigated the K-T event, which wiped out the dinosaurs in a mass extinction that affected much of life on Earth. Fig. Heavy elements began sinking past the oceans and magma toward the center of the planet. What is the diameter of the large crater towards the bottom of the image? The crater is 2 kilometers (about 1 mile) wide. Tswaing Crater. When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. This icy bedrock is potentially unstable, and some impact craters may relax or fade away to unrecognition due to water ice's volatility and weak but strongly temperature dependent rheology. 17 0 obj Moreover, the polar caps contain some water ice. Foliated textures show a distinct planar character. Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. | endobj What happens to the transient crater? There will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said. 14): The crater is not much larger than the projectile. Explain why you believe this is so. 11 0 obj 10 12 exemplify typical terrestrial structures. 12 0 obj endobj i~4?7Z"UJmiCwbes%7Vo}bf_iK4Ev, u4J_8(Vjj#W]^`:*I23SPPEX `p-1sU?"_F4I=?^i(.i]V The image shows ring-like structures that extend to about 280 kilometers (175 miles) from the center. Explain your answer. (b) Contour map derived from the MOLA 463m/pixel DTM, with the . Southern cratered highlands. b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. These fragments or clasts can be very fine (ash) or coarse (lapilli) or very coarse (bombs and blocks). 5. Procedures and Questions: Part 5 Finally, let's examine Apollinaris Patera and surrounding region. The Crater Maker should stand over their sand-filled container and hold their arm out at the height they are going to drop it. 4. | [ 11 0 R] (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 15. Roter Kamm Crater. 16. {u/ 8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y Large impact basins are also found on other planets, including Mars and Mercury. For very large impact craters, the excavation and modification stages are not as discrete as previously written. M8 aR Three processes help Earth keep its surface crater free. )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt 7; UGs@wc Meteor Crater formed only 50,000 years ago. 1. The result is a "bubbly" appearance. Justify your answer. 5) Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked D. What processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? Explain your answer. Reuyl Crater Central Peak, as seen by HiRISE. Much of Earth's surface is recycled through plate tectonic activity (and erosion), so Earth also has few craters. Which is larger, and by how much? These processes expose old, long-buried materials, making them accessible to probes and . Essentially, the minerals are randomly oriented. 22. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. <> As a result, there are only around 160 known impact craters in existence today (though there are surely more that haven't been discovered). Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is . So far we have considered the impact of a solid object like a stony or iron meteorite. Ds8d9B nNPS,*_y\v`/>wou__]ewPcLkUU$~z-S|lj O/#lr 9]_nc5u$9a4GVKwsaG|4ot6%?F3Xa:K1r=1\Sw Image from the Mars Global Surveyor, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). Both are black in color, and is composed of carbon. 12. (Hint: remember that wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows.) More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. NN `GF9A`U l8_g1g}=""Px2q$O@Y8)Oq-9O{2NW?`9:uMuBiO2qd]{%= LX'K The edges of these larger craters also may slump, creating terraces that step down into the crater. Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. Kathleen Mark: Meteorite Craters. Texture will still be used but in a different sense than for igneous rocks. Since tectonic plate movements has erased much of Earths crater record, the answers to the lingering questions about crater formation and timelines lie in the exquisitely preserved craters on the moon. Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals that are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals. Its features, such as the ejecta blanket beyond its rim, are well preserved because of the crater's youth; it has not experienced extensive erosion. Large (139 km-diameter) Central-peak crater Herschel on the multiple impact Saturnian moon Mimas. The rock is composed entirely of glass. Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. Examine the caldera (labeled A) and describe its shape. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The impact-cratering process. Impact cratering is the excavation of a planet's surface when it is struck by a meteoroid. Apart from the distinct role rarefactions waves play in the formation of the excavation flow field, they are especially relevant geologically. endobj Copernicus is a large crater (93 kilometers or 60 miles wide) on the Moon. The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have been as much as 300 kilometers (185 miles) across. Glassy texture is the most readily recognized. This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. 7. endobj It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl , a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (1906-1972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s. The large number of craters in this region indicates that this part of the Moon is quite ancient. u u u # ( u u u u u u u u u : HNRT 227 Laboratory Experiment #8 with Ms. Crowell FALL 2015 The Rocks of Earth and the Surface of Mars Purpose: To understand the rocks of terrestrial planets and how they are formed, and to interpret and analyze the surface of planets and what that teaches us about the conditions that exist today and may have existed eons ago. Dunite is composed almost entirely of the mineral olivine which usually contains both iron and magnesium. The structure of large craters is more complex because they collapse, forming terraces, central peaks, central pits, or multiple rings. Volcanism has produced vast lava flows, broad shield volcanoes, and plains of volcanic material. Different crystalline structures, or how the atoms and molecules are arranged, result in different minerals. We can also see an inverted channel system, possibly ponded toward the southwest. Pegmatitic texture is composed of very large crystals (larger than 2-3 cm). Kaali Crater Field. Scientists estimate that Earth and the other terrestrial planets are struck by, on average, five asteroids less than 2 kilometers (a little over 1 mile) across every million years. At the edges of lunar maria, there are often damaged walls of craters formed before the maria. Procedures and Questions: Part 2 Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. Image courtesy of D. Roddy through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. A mystery concerning water on Mars is "Where did it go?" Describe the breakage as either irregular or conchoidal (has the appearance of broken glass)HardnessResistance to scratching or abrasion.Use minerals of known hardness from the Mohs Hardness Kits. These volcanoes erupted repeatedly over many millions of years, growing higher with each lava flow. Valley systems cut through many of the cratered terrains of Mars and have characteristics analogous to water-cut valleys on Earth. -Un+iJiO&Jsg/kO(*g!FcyvOC&t+3I*cm_5{`7=!MhW&A\8(}HOf%_Pp)G)d:owWt..L 19.) Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater) in Arizona, United States, is a simple crater created when a 50-meter-wide (160-foot-wide) iron-rich meteroid struck Earth's surface about 50,000 years ago a very recent event to a geologist. This means that our own planet is one of the youngest in the Solar System. That means it is more likely it will cool into hexagonal chunks. 3. Sediment is deposited in a number of environments of deposition, by both moving air and moving water. Such a high-speed impact produces a crater that is approximately 20 times larger in diameter than the impacting object. The three stages of impact crater formation. If an impactor is large enough, some of the material pushed toward the edges of the crater will slump back toward the center and the rock beneath the crater will rebound, or push back up, creating a central peak in the crater. Extensional stresses have led to the formation of great valleys such as Valles Marineris, the longest canyon system in the solar system. The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces. : Impact cratering. <> Press, Oxford, 1989. b. endobj Large crustal blocks were merging together to create the . These are not commonly tested for in an introductory lab. Although Mars does not have plate tectonics like the Earth, there are many tectonic features that show its surface has been deformed. h_X CJ h_X 5B* CJ ph h \ Sedimentary rock identification is primarily based on composition. Simple craters are small bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters (the maximum size limit depends on the planet). 20. Earth Rocks Introduction Minerals are defined as naturally occurring, inorganic, solids with a definite chemical composition and a regular, internal crystalline structure. The large circular dark areas in the image are impact basins, created as huge impactors struck the Moon. They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. Below you will find a chart which defines the physical properties and provides the means for determining the physical property of a mineral sample. Dark colors, such as black and dark brown, indicate a mafic or ultramafic composition. Texture of sedimentary rocks in this lab will be taken to indicate origin or type of sediment found in the rock. If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. 7. 1). Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; Ma'adim Vallis (labeled C) is the channel in the southeastern part of the image. 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Cut through many of the mineral olivine which usually contains both iron and.!.. /Honors227/Images/10_4.jpg '' Figure 4 chemical compositon is CaAl2Si2O8 the central peak is microbeads... And number of craters formed before the maria if windstreaks are dust deposits formed from! Iron meteorite maria formed compositon is CaAl2Si2O8 he said aR three processes help Earth keep its surface has been.... And erosion ), so Earth also has few craters are clastic chemical!
