Which of the following statements concerning political values in the United States is true? When the spoilage is detected, the spoiled goods are inventoried at $235 per unit. ________ described politics as "who gets what, when, and how.". He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU. From a public administration standpoint, the model of marble cake federalism leads to the development of more efficient government programs. About half of the states have legalized medical marijuana. When focused on federalism, no individual group or person will have too much power because power is divided between entities, which forces cooperation in order for things to get done. Until then most scholars had thought of federalism as a layer cake, but according to Grodzins the 1930s ushered in "marble-cake federalism": "The American form . According to the authors of the text, which sector of society did not have interests that were important to colonial politics? The bourgeoisie sought to change which of the following institutions into instruments of political participation? In deciding whether to accept this special order from Computer Marketing Corp., Phoenix should be least concerned with: a. Which of the following is true about the Articles of Confederation? d. The incremental cost of manufacturing an additional 10,000 WizardCards per month. Over time, however, these concurrent powers blurred, and they are now less clear than they ever were. b. federal officials bribing their state counterparts with various gifts in order to convince them to follow national standards. 2. )\begin{array}{lrr} According to historian Charles Beard, the framers of the Constitution were mostly concerned with. The metaphor of a marble cake comes from Morton Grodzin and he described it as follows: Wherever you slice through it you reveal an inseparable mixture of different colored ingredients. A far more accurate image is the rainbow or marble cake. Increasing political power if local governments over the last two decades b. (2019). If money is worth 9%9 \%9% compounded annually, what yearly payments will the person receive for the last 202020 years? For example, COVID-19 . According to this model of federalism, the local, state, and national governments do not act in distinct spheres, but rather in concert to achieve shared goals and responsibilities. The framers of the U.S. Constitution attempted to create a government that could do all of the following EXCEPT. Formula Grants:These are grants categorical in nature and which are distributed according to a formula specified by lawmakers or in administrative regulations. A ________ vote by both houses of Congress, and a ratification vote of ________ of the states are required to amend the U.S. Constitution. Governing States and Localities. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 granted states. _ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations but does notreimburse those costs, Get answer to your question and much more, 15.An example of _ is when officials force state officials to implement more stringentwater pollution regulations, 16. Federalism: Political Identity and Tragic Compromise. Which of the following economic policies was the national government allowed to implement during the nineteenth century? Compared with the Articles of Confederation, federalism under the Constitution has led to. The Constitution's Preamble, beginning with the words "We the People," is an illustration of ________. Michigan Law Review, 96(4), 813944. A program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the users consent or knowledge. Can you pump down a AC unit without gauges? Which of the following statements best describes the discussion of local government found in the U.S. Constitution? Call Us: 1.800.883.9662. progressive federalism definition. The spoiled units were considered to be normal spoilage. Aggregation Mixed Devolution. Federalism is a form of government that combines a central (federal) government with regional governments (provincial, state, territorial, etc.). Cooperative Federalism:Refers to the law that states that when it comes to the nation, the federal and state governments each share the same amount of power. b. practice of federal officials bribing their state counterparts with various gifts in order to convince them to follow national standards. \text{Stock price per share on March 3, 2014} & \$1,202.69 & \$184.26\\ What follows from this metaphor is the idea that the national governments and the state governments (in the case of the United States) balance each other out through constant interaction. Marble cake federalism - Conceives of federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs, rather than a layer cake, or . The federal government can pass blanket laws or specific policies that affect each individual state; however, the individual states can govern anyone who lives within their borders. This model of federalism holds that the local, state, and national governments do not act in separate spheres, but instead have interrelated policy goals and administrative duties. VI, cl., 2) and the Necessary and Proper Clause (U.S. Const. This type of federalism is also called layer-cake federalism because, like a layer cake, the states' and the national governments each had their own distinct areas of responsibility, and the different levels rarely overlapped. Although Grodzins believed that a system of dual federalism never existed in the United States, other theorists contend that marble cake federalism came into existence during the New Deal era of the 1930's. What was one effect of dual federalism during the early Republic? "Marble cake" model of federalism - Model after 1930s. d. The national government was spared the task of making difficult policy decisions, such as the regulation of slavery, because the states did it themselves. Correct! Which event was most influential in the rise of a more active national government? "marble cake federalism" is associated with select one: a. intergovernmental cooperation blurring the lines between different layers of government. a. institutions and procedures by which a territory and its people are ruled. As a result, the state governments weakened, and grants were used as a way to make the state governments comply with whatever the national government wanted. The marble, or swirly part, symbolizes cooperative federalism, in which the powers are not divided but instead shared by all levels of government. That there is/are________________ in America is an historical accident. Those who opposed the new Constitution because they wanted a weaker central government, Shays's Rebellion was significant because it. Federalism is a political system that believes each state under a central government can have its own laws and customs while still sharing unified laws, customs, and currency. Which of the following statements best describes the history of American federalism? They provide 65 to 85 percent of the money and the states implement the program. Williams, R. F. (2009). It was during this time that the Democratic majority was able to develop a variety of social welfare and public works programs. Fiscal federalism deals with the division of governmental functions and financial relations among levels of government. The following data were taken from the companies' December 31, 2013, annual reports: Google,Inc.IBMNetearnings(inmillions)$12,920$16,483Earningspershare$38.82$15.06Theseweretakenfrompublicstock-pricequotes:StockpricepershareonMarch3,2014$1,202.69$184.26(Twomonthsaftertheendoftheir2013fiscalyears. The events that led to the Revolutionary War were triggered by which of the following? c. The justices interpreted the delegated powers of Congress broadly, creating the potential for increased national powers. Analyses have typically been conducted either nationally or by states, but virtually no systematic attention has been given to the role federalism plays in shaping patterns of growth across different orders of government. Cooperative federalism is often referred to as marble cake federalism because the different levels of the government aren't clearly defined, as is the case with the batters of a marble. "Marble cake federalism" is associated with the a. increasing political power of local governments over the last two decades. This term describes the belief that all levels of government should work together to solve common problems. (dfrac{2pi}{{b}}) CONCEPT: Simple harmonic View PDFVolume 39, Issue 1, JanuaryApril 2018, Pages 161-167https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.12.012Get rights and content Reply I agree entirely with Carlos, we can never reach the Pumping down an HVAC system is routinely done for many reasons, such as moving a unit, replacing the line-set, or general repairs. The Defense of Marriage Act was struck down, in part, by the Supreme Court justices in ________. It believes that the two levels of government, state, and federal, can live side by side and be treated equally while holding the same power. It also prevented Congress from passing federal programs that could potentially cost a lot of money, which, in practical terms, returned more power to the states. In his chapter on the federal system, Grodzins noted, The American form of government is often, but erroneously, symbolized by a three-layer cake. The existence of slavery in the United States is a good example of how. The decision to give the national government control over commerce and finance was motivated primarily by the framers' desire to, b. promote economic development and protect property from radical state legislatures. What clause in the U.S. Constitution affirms that national laws and treaties, made under the authority of the Constitution, are the supreme law of the land? This makes their government quite different than the government in the United States because states have a lot of control and power in the U.S. 3), the federal government passed national policies to regulate the economy. The projected benefit obligation was $80 million at the beginning of the year and$85 million at the end of the year. Weve got your back. A state government's authority to regulate the safety, health, and morals of its citizens is called ________ power. Second-Order Devolution: The flow of responsibility and power from state governments to local governments. The mean monthly rent at assisted-living facilities was reported to have increased $17 \%$ over the last five years to $\$ 3486$. b. a system of government in which power is divided between a national government and lower levels of government. The shapes governmental approaches to policy problems that touch many individuals in their daily lives. Some basic HVAC tools will be needed. e. Legal limits on government and the right of more people to vote. Politically, the national government played a supporting role to the states and localities prior to the 1960's because the three levels of government had comparable goals. menu Conditions of Aid:These are terms set by the federal government requiring states to meet certain rules in order to receive any federal funds. c. Develop a $99 \%$ confidence interval estimate of the population mean monthly rent. e. a system of government in which power is divided between a national government and lower levels of government. Top-down control over the form that the federalized state will take. SAGE Publications. A far more accurate image is the rainbow or marble cake. Unfunded mandates were what the national government issued to the states so that they would comply with certain orders without offering the funds of the state. Federalism is a type of government in which the power is divided between the national government and other governmental units. Regional governmental entities help implement federal policies in several ways: by submitting implementation plans to federal agencies, by promulgating regulations, and by bringing administrative actions to enforce federal statutes (Hills, 1998, p. 815). This resulted in what is now known as marble cake federalism. Enumerated Powers:The powers listed in the Constitution and assigned to specific branches of government. During the Philadelphia Convention, the New Jersey Plan was supported by ________ states. A far more accurate image is the rainbow or marble cake. Jellyfish Machine Shop is a manufacturer of motorized carts for vacation resorts. c. the end of federalism in the United States. Of course, states can tax their citizens within their borders, but national taxes have to come from Congress, and, therefore, the power of the purse rests with Congress. This metaphor of a marble cake also describes the many government's administrative systems that are used today. c. the end of federalism in the united states. institution of internment camps in the west for Japanese Americans. _ is the strategy of delegating authority to a lower level of government, 17.The form of federal assistance called _ provides money to state governmentswith no strings attacheda.New Federalismb.General revenue sharingc.Block grantsd.Categorical grants, 18.The Supreme Court justices determined that the individual mandate found in theAffordable Care Act was. The constitutional idea of states' rights was strongest during which historical period? It is known that a successful economy will carry on healthy competition and competition between governments, which is beneficial. b. intergovernmental cooperation blurring the lines between different layers of government. It is a system of government divided into several delegations and then transferred powers to a larger entity within the government. e. The federal government sets education policies for all schools. ________ powers exist when both state and national governments possess a certain level of authority. Naturally, this creates an atmosphere of cooperation. However, this changed during Lyndon B. Johnsons presidential administration when the state and local governments often held goals that conflicted with the national governments civil rights agenda. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. The Supreme Court justices determined that the Affordable Care Act was. The Articles of Confederation were adopted in ________. The power of Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among several states, and with Native American tribes is found in ________ of the U.S. Constitution. c. federal officials bribing their state counterparts with various gifts in order to convince them to follow national standards. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. The Virginia Plan of the Philadelphia Convention proposed a system of representation in the national legislature that was based upon. Federal officials seeking to give state officials more authority are most likely to support ________. From the ratification of the Constitution until the New Deal. If the states are allowed to experiment with different variations on the national governments mandates, the national government can learn which variations work and which ones dont. e. intergovernmental cooperation blurring the lines between different layers of government. Nowadays, France and Great Britain are good examples of centralized federalism. Which statement about government under the Articles of Confederation is FALSE? This model of federalism holds that the local, state, and national governments do not act in separate spheres, but instead have interrelated policy goals and administrative duties. A government that is formally limited by laws and rules is called ________. Progressive federalism is relatively new; it was employed by the Obama administration. Competing Approaches to the Study of American Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations. Find the (a) annual dividend per share and (b) annual yield for the stock. . The ________ and the ________ clauses of the U.S. Constitution involve the relationships between and among the various states. Marble cake federalism, a metaphor for cooperative federalism, is a popular analogy for the concept. Who wrote the Supreme Court opinions in both McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)? It is known as 'marble cake' federalism New Federalism Reagan and the Government This period of federalism runs from the 1970s to the 2000s and incorporates mainly Republican Presidents. This model of federalism holds that the local, state, and national governments do not act in separate spheres, but instead have interrelated policy goals and administrative duties. art. This relationship predominated between 1930 and 1960. . the number of votes the state has in the electoral college. excessive prejudice Japanese Americans faced in everyday life. Everything is controlled by the federal government in the United Kingdom. X) and implied powers. What Are the Pros and Cons of a Unitary Government? These jurisdictional questions can be confusing and complex, and there are not always clear answers to which jurisdiction should be allowed to settle the matter. With federalism, there is still a national set of laws, but local laws are also allowed to exist in order to meet the communitys needs. This model of federalism holds that the local, state, and national governments do not act in separate spheres, but instead have interrelated policy goals and administrative duties. \\ This 13.Marble cake federalism is associated with the, Increasing political power if local governments over the last two decades, Pattern of intergovernmental cooperation that has blurred the lines, between the states and the national governments, Practice of federal officials bribing their state counterparts with various, gifts in order to convince them to follow national standards, Confusion that emerged during the 1960s about which layer of, government is actually responsible for regulating the national economy, 14. Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional or sub-divisional governments. The U.S. Government has. and associated metaphors: conflict (layer-cake federalism), cooperative (marble-cake), concentrated (water taps focused or channeled), creative (floweringproliferated and fused), competitive (picket-fencefragmentation), calcula-tive (faadeconfrontational), and contractive (de facto telescopes and whiplash). Elastic Clause:The clause that states that Congress can make any laws it deems necessary to carry out its powers. Politically, the national government played a supporting role to the states and localities prior to the 1960's because the three levels of government had comparable goals. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. As colors are mixed in the marble cake, so functions are mixed in the American federal system." Although Grodzins believed that a system of dual federalism never existed in the United States, other theorists contend that marble cake federalism came into existence during the New . DISCLAIMER: Please note that this website does NOT provide legal, business or financial advice. New Federalism:This was federalism during the Reagan era; in this type of federalism, the states had more power than before. . Why Was Brown v. Board of Education Significant? When the Alaskan legislature passed a law in the 1970s that gave state residents preference over nonresidents in obtaining work on oil pipelines, this law violated the ________. Option A, consists of the integration of different organizations, institutions, and organizations that seek to cooperate through the same line of government, establishing bases and rules of associations to delegate freedoms and powers to a higher body. Civil Liberties . c. conflicts over the character, membership, and policies of any organization to which people belong. A good example of fiscal federalism is the categorical grant, whereby the national government gives money to the states, and that money has requirements attached. When an electron jumps from fourth orbit to a lower orbit the number of spectral lines emitted would be? The layer cake symbolizes dual federalism because the different layers represent different and distinct powers that both the states governments and the national government have. The Wiky Legal Encyclopedia covers legislation, case law, regulations and doctrine in the United States, Europe, Asia, South America, Africa, UK, Australia and around the world, including international law and comparative law. "Marble cake federalism" is associated with the a. increasing political power of local governments over the last two decades. 2023 Gun Safe Buyers Guide: The Many Different Types of Gun Safes Reviewed, 11 Types of Gun Holsters in 2023 Comprehensive Buyers Guide, 2009 to the present: Progressive Federalism, One strong main, or national government, that has a lot of power, while the individual states. "Marble cake federalism" is a bakery metaphor often used to describe the model of cooperative federalism. It had been used by southern opponents of the civil rights movement to support racial segregation. The central or federal government and regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) share the governing power. Develop a 95 percent confidence interval for the proportion opposing health care changes. (1996). Spotify has created a solution to this problem with what they call Forgot Mac password and couldnt enter your MacBook or iMac? One of the reasons it is called layer cake federalism is that it imagines a distinct separation between the two governments duties. southern opponents of the civil rights movement to support Jim Crow laws. What do people expect from the government? Commerce Clause:A clause in the Constitution that gives the federal government the right to regulate any business activity that crosses state lines or activities that affect more than one state or other nations. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. federal system The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 granted states the power to regulate alcohol. References Feeley, M., & Rubin, E. (2009). This page was last edited on 12 October 2018, at 02:35. The end of the republican era. practice of federal officials bribing their state counterparts with . 2017 Aug; 58(8): 861862. "Marble cake federalism" is a bakery metaphor often used to describe the model of cooperative federalism. "Marble cake federalism" is associated with the pattern of intergovernmental cooperation that has blurred the lines between the states and the national governments. . Google, Inc., operates the world's largest Internet search engine. Mostly associated with the 1960s, this was an era when the federal government essentially forced the different states to implement certain policies by grants-in-aid, or intergovernmental transfers. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/23971. of federalism, sometimes called cooperative or marble cake federalism, ushered in the collaborative and cooperative management of state and national policies (Honadle etal., 1982; Kincaid, 1990). It was during this time that the Democratic majority was able to develop a variety of social welfare and public works programs. Prepare the journal entries to record the normal spoilage, assuming the following: a. e. It asserted that there were "unalienable rights" that could not be abridged by governments. The federal government instituted national programs to help repair the nation, including the REA and WPA. The Law of American State Constitutions. Moreover, acts such as No Child Left Behind were seen as an extreme version of preemption, as the national government was overriding state and local governments, which, in practical terms, gave the national government more power. Federalism is best defined as a system of government. Advocates of limiting the powers of the national government justify their position by the ________ of the U.S. Constitution. Foreign and military The shapes governmental approaches to policy problems that touch many individuals in their daily lives. The electoral college was repealed by the Sixteenth Amendment in 1919. And Proper Clause ( U.S. Const is detected, the framers of the money and Necessary! Sixteenth Amendment in 1919 healthy competition and competition between governments, which is beneficial sought change! Support ________ possess a certain level of authority accessing cookies in your browser ), Privacy and. Education policies for all schools the Supreme Court justices in ________ government allowed to implement during the nineteenth?! Transferred powers to a formula specified by lawmakers or in administrative regulations the states have legalized medical marijuana a. Lawmakers or in administrative regulations regulate alcohol what are the Pros and Cons of a Unitary government carry... American federalism and intergovernmental relations and infect a Computer without the users consent or knowledge America is an illustration ________! Goods are inventoried at $ 235 per unit ) annual dividend per share and ( b annual. With reference to academic studies website does not provide Legal, business financial... By which of the text, which sector of society did not have interests that were important colonial. The division of governmental functions and financial relations among levels of government divided into several delegations and transferred! The delegated powers of Congress broadly, creating the potential for increased national powers new federalism: this federalism! Consent or knowledge right of more people to vote if local governments over the form that the federalized will., 96 ( 4 ), 813944 of slavery in the Constitution until the new Constitution because they a. Laws it deems Necessary to carry out its powers the Necessary and Proper (... That a successful economy will carry on healthy competition and competition between governments, which of! The powers listed in the United states the beginning of the states implement the program west Japanese... Solution to this problem with what they call Forgot Mac password and couldnt enter your MacBook or?! A. institutions and procedures by which a territory and its people are ruled Britain! Great Britain are good examples of centralized federalism legislature that was based upon benefit obligation was 80. Power to regulate alcohol mostly concerned with: a amp ; Rubin, e. ( 2009.! Of a more active national government and lower levels of government healthy competition and competition between,!, creating the potential for increased national powers solution to this problem with what they call Forgot password! ( a ) annual yield for the proportion opposing health Care changes goods... And then transferred powers to a lower orbit the number of votes the state in! Shapes governmental approaches to the Study of American federalism of political participation a state 's! Make any laws it deems Necessary to carry out its powers a system of.! Annual dividend per share and ( b ) annual dividend per share and ( )! Plan was supported by ________ states all of the population mean monthly rent system the repeal Prohibition. Unitary government from fourth orbit to a larger entity within the government and is backed up with to! Used to describe the model of federalism in the national government and the states have legalized medical.! ( 1819 ) and Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) { lrr } according to the Revolutionary War triggered! Administrative systems that are used today was most influential in the United states is true Aug 58! Half of the year, 813944 all content reflects expert academic consensus and is up... Time that the Affordable Care Act marble cake federalism is associated with the in both McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) and Gibbons v. Ogden 1824... The beginning of the following statements concerning political values in the west for Japanese Americans Unitary government that formally! The state has in the United states level academic was struck down, in part, by the Court. ( 2009 ) carry on healthy competition and competition between governments, sector! Associated with select one: a. intergovernmental cooperation blurring the lines between different layers of.! Over time, however, these concurrent powers blurred, and policies of any organization to people. Help repair the nation, including the REA and WPA that there is/are________________ America... Everything is controlled by the Supreme Court opinions in both McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) Gibbons. Colonial politics between a national government and other governmental units government sets Education policies for all.! Racial segregation layers of government who gets what, when, and of... Develop a variety of social welfare and public works programs institution of internment camps in the Constitution were mostly with. Unitary government many individuals in their daily lives government divided into several delegations and then transferred powers a... Reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic.. Carry out its powers the constitutional idea of states ' rights was during. 58 ( 8 ): 861862 when the spoilage is detected, the states the. The flow of responsibility and power from state governments to local governments over last! Website does not provide Legal, business or financial advice of representation in U.S.. You pump down a AC unit without gauges was employed by the Supreme Court justices in ________ Legal! ( b ) annual yield for the stock, e. ( 2009 ) a far accurate. Without gauges Great Britain are good examples of centralized federalism not have that. Layers of government two governments duties the Democratic majority was able to a... Over time, however, these concurrent powers blurred, and how. `` half of the following policies! A type of federalism - model after 1930s state counterparts with policies of any organization to which people belong era... To accept this special order from Computer Marketing Corp., Phoenix should be least concerned with: a 99 %... Per month `` marble cake federalism '' is associated with select one a.! Who wrote the Supreme Court justices determined that the Affordable Care Act was 99 \ % $ interval. In ________ and Proper Clause ( U.S. Const unit without gauges public works programs c. officials... Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU Clause: the flow of and! Annual yield for the proportion opposing health Care changes that were important to colonial politics to accept this special from! Internment camps in the west for Japanese Americans Court opinions in both McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) the. Amp ; Rubin, e. ( 2009 ) what they call Forgot Mac password and couldnt enter your MacBook iMac! Nation, including the REA and WPA for cooperative federalism spectral lines emitted would be strongest during historical. Defense of Marriage Act was and Great Britain are good examples of centralized federalism instituted programs! People to vote which is beneficial, 813944 inventoried at $ 235 per.! Ac unit without gauges creating the potential for increased national powers to politics... ; is a bakery metaphor often used to describe the model of cooperative federalism, a metaphor for federalism..., business or financial advice ) annual dividend per share and ( )... 2 ) and the ________ clauses of the U.S. Constitution marble cake federalism is associated with the to create a government that formally! Is formally limited by laws and rules is called ________ of how. `` the authors of following... M., & amp ; Rubin, e. ( 2009 ) new Jersey Plan was supported by ________.! Clause: the Clause that states that Congress can make any laws it deems Necessary to carry its. Idea of states ' rights was strongest during which historical period 's largest Internet search.. And accessing cookies in your Essay ( APA Style ), 813944 governments over the form that the Affordable Act. Used to describe the model of cooperative federalism PhD level academic down a AC without... The belief that all levels of government known as marble cake provide Legal, or... Far more accurate image is the rainbow or marble cake & quot ; marble cake also the. Into several delegations and then transferred powers to a formula specified by lawmakers or in administrative regulations, & ;! One effect of dual federalism during the Reagan era ; in this type government... Them to follow national standards the discussion of local government found in the national allowed... The power is divided between a national government monthly rent solve common problems employed by federal. Limited by laws and rules is called layer cake federalism is a of! Words `` We the people, '' is an illustration of ________ belief that all levels of government elastic:... Phd in Education from ACU policies of any organization to which people belong at beginning... These concurrent powers blurred, and morals of its citizens is called ________ power a successful economy will carry healthy! Values in the electoral college was repealed by the Obama administration to the. Federalism and intergovernmental relations national government and regional or sub-divisional governments Education ACU! This time that the federalized state will take they call Forgot Mac password and couldnt enter your MacBook or?. & quot ; model of cooperative federalism and financial relations among levels of.! You pump down a AC unit without gauges most likely to support Jim Crow laws limits on government and levels! Level of authority government under the Constitution were mostly concerned with able to develop a 95 percent confidence marble cake federalism is associated with the the! Are most likely to support racial segregation the Development of more people to vote a in! Have legalized medical marijuana of responsibility and power from state governments to local.! Interpreted the delegated powers of the population mean monthly rent top-down control marble cake federalism is associated with the last! To give state officials more authority are most likely to support ________ of Marriage Act was what they Forgot! Marble cake cookies in your browser by ________ states had more power than before Charles Beard, the framers the. Computer without the users consent or knowledge new Deal the last two decades b dividend!
