The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. The first nine years of the so-called Roaring Twenties had been a decade of prosperity and optimism in the United States. However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover ordered his Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas MacArthur to drive them out. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. He wrote that the racial barriers constructed in normal society did not stand within the Hooverville. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. All Rights Reserved. 'Hooverville' was the nickname for any variety of makeshift shelters for homeless people, mostly victims of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1941. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. The New Deal enacted special relief programs aimed at the homeless under the Federal Transient Service (FTS), which operated from 1933 to 1939. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. 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The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." It was named after Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the president during the first years of the Great Depression. Early in 1941, the Seattle Health Department established a Shack Elimination Committee to identify unauthorized housing clusters and plan their removal. Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. These communities of shacks or shanties were called Hoovervilles, after President Hoover, who refused to help the growing number of homeless. Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. The inhabitants of the Hoovervilles and shantytowns in the 1930s were deprived of many of these basic needs - for additional facts refer to Poverty in the Great Depression. Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. [2], However, not every Hooverville fits this description. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . At that time, President Herbert Hoover increasingly became, in the eyes of many Americans, a grim and inept leader. The Depression increased the demand for such assistance exponentially. These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. months[9] = "Get fast, free facts and information on a whole host of subjects in the Siteseen network of interesting websites. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. months[1] = "Find information about the instructive websites produced by international publisher Siteseen Ltd. "; "; By the early 1940s, with the economy rebounding during World War II, many Hoovervilles had fewer residents and most were torn down. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. This drain reservoir became the site of an informal camp established by a few homeless people, but they were quickly evicted. It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Roys 1934 census provides a breakdown of the population by ethnicity and nationality. In 1933, it was 25%, with 1 out of every 4 people out of work. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. 19. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. In 1932, a new mayor was elected based on his support for the Unemployed Citizens League. A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. People were expected to fend for themselves. Some cities allowed squatter encampments for a time, others did not. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Hooverville across 20 in-depth pages. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. Even when Hoovervilles were raided by order of parks departments or other authorities, the men who carried out the raids often expressed regret and guilt for their actions. "Hooverville" was a deliberately politicized label, emphasizing that President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Party were to be held responsible for the economic crisis and its miseries. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. Reasons for Homelessness: Homeowners lost their houses when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. Jackson was also the chairperson of the Vigilance Committee. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. As such, he was highly reluctant to shift the federal government into high gear to try and solve an economic crisis. A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. On October 29, 1929, the date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression. During the Great Depression many men became hobos during the 1930s, searching for jobs anywhere in the country. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. "; Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. which contrasted the prosperity of the previous decade with the current crisis. Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. The New Deal Legacy & Impacts | What is the Legacy of the New Deal? The Great Depression (1929-1940): Tutoring Solution, Franklin D. 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Most people, however, resorted to building their residences out of wood from crates, cardboard, scraps of metal, or whatever materials were available to them. A survey located 1687 shacks in five substantial colonies and many smaller ones. He was the President, after all, and there were many things he could do--but he was in trouble from the start, for a couple of different reasons. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. The publics frustration with President Hoovers refusal to deal with the Depression peaked in the spring of 1932 when an estimated 15,000 World War I veterans and their families established a Hooverville along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1932, many of the veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding payment the badly needed WWI combat bonuses the government had promised them. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. These areas were frequently on private lands, but the trespassing settlements were simply ignored as the crisis demanded. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. The majority of the homeless chose to live in small towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Homeowners lost their property when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. Sign Up. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. Some squatted, either defying eviction and staying where they were, or finding shelter in one of the increasing number of vacant buildings. Each Hooverville was unique. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. However, that didn't last long. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. "; The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. However, some countries retaliated by raising their tariffs, and international trade was hampered. Between 1929 and 1932, the value of world trade declined by more than half. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. They usually had a small stove, bedding and a couple of simple cooking implements. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/hoovervilles. In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. Those who did were chronically underpaid. If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source. Many squeezed in with relatives. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:48. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In 1930, the largest Hooverville in America, consisting of four distinct sectors, was established in St. Louis. "; New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Response from Health Department (May 23, 1935) After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. Filipinos and Mexicans were the only ones who were separated, but this was due to language rather than racial discrimination. All rights reserved. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. Shacks or shanties were called Hoovervilles, how they got their name, some... A rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election 1928... 16 February 2023, at 00:48 edges of larger cities, Hundreds of Hoovervilles established! - 5 ; years, 1931 to 1941 %, with 1 out of desperation, amounts. Be a Study.com Member a breakdown of the New Deal Legacy & Impacts | What is the Legacy the! 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