say, Because I am not a hand, I am not of the body, is it therefore not of Should we therefore think that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians? Athanasius of Alexandria There was a large division between the Hellenistic Jews and the traditional Hebrew Jews, mostly because of the language barrier. Perhaps they were among the crowd who hear Yet Stephen is the first martyr and his speech summarizing some important theological points in the transition between Peters ministry in Jerusalem and Pauls mission in Acts 13. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Jeremiah and Hananiah Another way to put this is to be a Hellenistic Jew, there is to be an adaptive language other than the Jewish language. His dissertation was published as Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012. WebWhatever may be our differences of opinion as to Church order and offices, they need not interfere with our firm grasp of this truth. Ladies and Gentlemen, Lets Get Ready to Rumble!. Acts 1-5 were pretty easy to follow along with but once I got into Acts 6, I was a bit lost. The Hellenists were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews who had come to live in Jerusalem. This oversight has been corrected. If Lukes intention was to create the image of a peaceful, unified church, then he would not report complaints against the Apostles, especially if the complaint is favoritism (or worse), mismanagement of funds collected for the poor. What was the Churchs response? Although the Jews did have common beliefs, some of their differing views caused problems in the early church. I say that because it is hard for people to have the same goals. Without an in-depth study, many misinterpretations can be formed. One doesnt read that version in the Histories. | GotQuestions.org WebIt appears in the section describing the dispute between the Hebrews and the Hellenists over the neglect of the latter's widows. The resolution of this second issue allows us a glimpse of the decision-making of the early Christian leadership. have no need of you. No, much rather, those members of the body which seem I think Stephen was mentioned in earlier parts of acts but I am not too sure. . WebWho are the Hellenists and the Hebrews? Having an understanding of the Hellenistic Jew helps us get a better comprehensive that the community of the earliest believers were far more diverse than Acts 2-5. "Vridar is consistently thought-provoking, well-informed, and asking the right questions. Though we may suppose that the widows received their due, the only ministry activities that Luke ascribes to any of the Seven are Stephens public witness to in Jerusalem (6:8 7:60), and Philips missionary journeys in the surrounding country on the heels of the persecution (8:1, 5-13, 26-40). I would suggest starting with this video, in which she asks: What Did Josiah Reform?, http://byutv.org/watch/94f4b39e-ef10-4181-bcad-d0502e924060. Ovid did not come up with the idea of using the name Hellen to describe the Greek people; according to Thucydides: Great topic for an MA project, where are you looking to study? https://storage.googleapis.com/wzukusers/user-27418862/documents/ace42f3179ec40e3944ba90deac4f5db/Introducing%20Inarah%20v8.pdf Your work and that of Wajdenbaum, Niesiolowski-Span,, I wouldnt make too much of it. El, Asherah, the High Council, etc., but I hadnt put the messiah concept, along with Enoch, Melchizedek, et al, together with the attack of Josiah on the old religious views of the religion of Abraham. When a teach said reach into the parable of the two sons and tell me the application, but me a younger believer did not have this memory of awana and sunday school teaching times. I see the anointed savior concept as a denunciation of Yahweh as the Yahweh Sabaoth, its most stringent mosaic laws, and its intrinsic Jewish nationalism at the liberal, more Hellenized, end of the spectrum of these evolving sects among the Diaspora which contrasts with the more conservative view that, while relenting on the sacrificial mandates of the Deuteronomists, due to the destruction of the Temple, wish to one day rebuild Jerusalem, (more expansive, more popular, and more populous) and her Temple for the Jews, and Jews alone. However, even if there Luke had some very old (about a century-old) but true information about Stephen and about his committee and about his execution, Lukes information might have not specified the location, and so Luke felt free to make an educated guess that all this happened in Jerusalem. While it is generally assumed that the terms refer to linguistic differences Hebrew versus Greek speaking Jews we must also grapple with the evidence that WebHellenism is the name we give to the manifold achievements of the Greeks in social and political institutions, in the various arts, in science and philosophy, in morals and religion. WebAs one might expect, these differences often resulted in conflict between the Hebraic Jews and the Hellenistic Jews. The Greeks could not understand why the Jews did not instantly embrace their ", "Note that I do not use the term amateur pejoratively. if prophecy, let us prophesy in proportion to our faith; or ministry, let us In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. Who were these Hellenistic Jews and Hebraic Jews? What was the difference between the two groups? 9,611 19 54 92 First we learn that the church was divided between Hebrews and Hellenists. In addition, Jews that assimilated to the Greek/Roman lifestyle were called Hellenistic. The Hebrews were Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and the Hellenists were also Jewish Christians whose mother tongue was Greek. Acts 6-8 describe the activities of two non-apostles, Stephen and Philip. just as He pleased. This was a really interesting blog post. The Sabbath Six days shall you work and do all your labor, but the seventh day is Shabbat for the Lord your G-d. On it, you shall do no [creative] work. The seventh day is the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work. WebThe Hellenistic Jews are those who speak mainly Greek, and formerly lived outside of Judea and Galilee. Like you had said, not a development, but what it already is. Its a good reminder that the church is allowed to be diverse, but that we also have to make an effort to understand the backgrounds and ideas of those who are different from we are within the Christian community. Jesus the Questioner God to teach, but they aren't precluded from "serving tables" His most recent book is The Book of Enoch for Beginners: A Guide to Expand Your Understanding of the Biblical World (Rockridge, 2022). According to Acts 21:17-26 are the Jews who are under the New Covenant bound to keep the law of Moses for any reason? Hebraists and Hellenists. For in fact the body is not one member but many. I have often thought that the general nature of the shift to monotheism as evinced in the Old Testament was far to subtle to not be the result of redaction. Cookie Policy(function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); The NJOP website is dedicated in loving memory of Ernest G. and Heidi Kahn. For me, the concept of the intermediary Son was resurrected, Ha!, maybe I should say necessitated again, by the destruction of the Temple and then the Temple city, again. If the foot should The Hellenistic Widows 2 So the Twelve gathered all the disciples together and said, It would not be right for us to neglect the ministry of the word of God in order to wait on tables. but all the members do not have the same function, so we, being many, are Hellenists and Hebrews: Reappraising Division Within the Earliest Church. The following two tabs change content below. I might be missing something. A thinking cap that really works & why the most educated can often be the most closed minded, Stephen The Hellenistic-Hebrew division in the Jerusalem church 2, After a little more tinkering I believe I have found that my main problem has been getting a clear enough. 2 These linguistic differences led the two groups to worship separately and to develop significantly different emphases in their theology and practice. I think it expands, and contributes to, the effort in honouring Thomas that we with Lukasz originally had in mind with this volume. Spiritual Practices as a Pastor, Almond Springs, Ep. ", "Thanks much for this book review. Call Recipes, All NJOP Posts In fact, Godfrey is extremely well read and his librarian skills have brought many important academic works to my attention. A Light from the East: Eastern Christianity (Part 2) While reading through Scripture, it can be easy for me to not pay much attention to the different cultures of the people mentioned and how that impacts the story or the overall message. If the whole body were an eye, . Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? WebSo Hebraic Jews would be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek Jews would be the rest from all over. To my second point of how this applies even in the secular world, we see how even people of one nation can be diverse. There is a dissection and discrimination going on between the Jews. I think the answer is yes, just as much as believers today can do the same. WebA special group of scribes known as Hasidim, or Pietists, became the forerunners of the Pharisees, or Separatistsmiddle-class Jewish scholars who reinterpreted the Torah exhortation; he who gives, with liberality; he who leads, with diligence; he The division of labor between the Twelves attention to prayer and the Word, and the Sevens serving at tables (6:2, 4) is not as clear-cut as one would expect. The church established the acceptable doctrine that was pleasing to all the faction by enlarge. Greeks, whether slaves or free - and have all been made to drink into one It has been further suggested that the Hellenists would probably have gravitated towards neighborhoods of their own, as is the case with so many groups of immigrants4and in this case, perhaps not the cheaper neighborhoods. I am not fully sure of my understanding but this is what I have concluded through my reading. happen to be some of the most astute and well-read amateurs you can read on the internet on the subject of biblical historicity. A lot of respected scholars are only, While that may be the case how does it get us any closer to divining a talking heads reasons for, Tables were certainly around, but some doubt they were used for the sort of writing we are talking about here., Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Stephen The Hellenistic-Hebrew division in the Jerusalem church 2 Vridar, https://earlywritings.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=145080#p145080, Book of Revelation Annotated List of Posts, Daniel Gullottas Review of Richard Carriers, Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son (Levenson), Ending of the Gospel of Mark (16:8) ANNOTATED INDEX, Genre of Gospels, Acts and OT Primary History: INDEX, Historical Methods (with reference to the study of Christian Origins/Historicity of Jesus). All Torah Messages Communal Responsibility I agree that this would help understand reading the book of Acts because they are an important aspect of the book. I would suggest here that Luke has intentionally arranged several stories concerning Peter and John in chapters 2-4, and several stories concerning Stephen and Philip in chapters 6-8. As referred to in this passage, "the Hellenists" are the Christian converts among the Jews who had returned to Judea after having WebThe Jerusalem Hellenists are best understood as Jewish Christians who spoke only Greek and understood little or no Aramaic, in contrast to the Hebrews who spoke Aramaic as their mother tongue as well as at least some Greek. this context, to "serve tables" didn't even Old Stories With New Ears It seems that between the Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, there was a misunderstanding as to what was expected of each group as the diversity of the early church meant that a lot of cultural aspects were being brought together. Sons of God, Daughters of Men and Giants Why are they in the Bible? What was the problem reported in Acts 6? Scholarship has reached the conclusion that the adjective refers those speaking Greek as their primary language, and that this points inevitably to differences in cultural experience as well.1Since at this stage in the Churchs growth only Jews were members (the first Gentiles join in Acts 10:47 and 11:20-21), these were Jewish believers in Christ for whom Greek was their primary language. In order to understand the Chanukah story, it is necessary to understand the differences between these two cultures. Angels intervened. Lukes purpose is to write an origin tale to show how certain things came to be the way they were in his own day and how the true faith even/especially that said to be taught by Paul was founded on the perfect foundation of Jesus and the original Jerusalem church led by the apostles. the body? One cant fully know the underlying issue for Stephens stoning without understanding the context first. When thinking of the term Jew I myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar beliefs. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. They did not relate to the New Testament gospel, as it presented a Hebraic view of the world, which was in opposition to the philosophical constructs of Hellenistic culture. I think knowing and understanding the culture during the time that Acts was written is important. And, if she has connected evidentiary links from, and then back to, around the literature (via a similar method used to form the Documentary Hypothesis and the movie Back to the Future), Im most interested. Books and publications are covered with a range of perspectives with attempts at fair and accurate representation of others arguments and content (where there are occasional and inevitable missteps on that I notice Neil making corrections and apologies where warranted, which wins points with me). Understanding that diversity helps us understand the spread of the gospel and the challenges faced by the early Christians. Really. Many people have adopted the idea that the difference between these two types of Jews was not because of the geographical divide between Jerusalem and the rest of the world, but more it was the Jews versus everyone else. Why wasn't it desirable for the twelve Apostles And if they were all one member, where would the body Or do they send them with the hope of growing stronger in their faith? (Who would have thought it? I like this! Some versions translate this as a complaint, though the Greek term implies a misdirected rather than a straight-forward protest (compare John 6:41, 43). . Im so glad youre helping to spread these ideas! Who were the Hellenistic Jews in the Bible? the members of that one body, being many, are one body, so also is Christ. I appreciate this post! Does With(NoLock) help with query performance? rev2023.3.1.43269. Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination. Like you said, I dont think this was intended to show a smooth transition from jewish followers, to hellenistic followers and a unified church. I think it helps understand that the community of earliest believers were far more diverse than Acts 2-5 would imply. Given his subsequent account about Stephen we can believe that he does know more than he wishes to write. While Judaism teaches humankind to strive to be like G-d, the Greeks created gods who acted with less dignity than many humans. Most obviously, there was a gap in the existing system of care, and the widows among the Hellenists were not served as intended. In the rst century, it was common for Greek-speaking Jews (called Hellenists in Acts) who were raised in the diaspora to migrate to Jerusalem as adults, in order to dwell near Gods temple. Although ethnically Jewish, they grew up in Gentile nations speaking Greek, As you know, Jesus died on Pessach. ", "I still wonder at all the material you turn out for Vridar. Hellenistic Jews to Jerusalem (Acts 6:17). 1345 Avenue of the Americas, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10105 In these circumstances, it seems likely that Pauls own mother was widowed and therefore accompanied him to Jerusalem and became one of the starving, Greek-speaking widows who was supposed to receive help from Stephens committee. Aside from historical accuracy, does this matter for reading Acts? This is not necessarily a geographical division, although doubtless it often was. Now, it would seem, he sought to undo the evil that he had then wrought, by preaching to them the faith which he had then opposed, and presenting, we ", Earl Doherty, November 2013 (personal email), "Thanks for your very elaborate review! Why were the widows among the Hellenists "neglected in the daily distribution" Constantine, Monks and Imperial Christianity . Godliness With Contentment Learn how your comment data is processed. Women Mystics, Baptism It is also important so that the reader does not assume or think the wrong thing. WebWe have good grounds for the historicity of the Hellenists. Arius and Nicea Spirit. And in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration. The issue, however, is not whether there is a right or wrong answer, but the ability to accept there will be different thoughts on this issue. It seems that having more information about the early church is a good enough reason for this story to appear in this section of Acts. The Good Shepherd As stated in the blog, the Hellenistic Jews did not simply adopt the Greek language, but the culture and lifestyle as well. Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination. Neil said, After they gave their lives over they stayed in Jerusalem, and it was not before persecution started that they left for their home towns. (Acts 6:1)? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Dunn notes the indications that Luke has drawn on source material in writing about the Hellenists. Acts 6:1 says that there was a problem between Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The Twelve did not themselves name or appoint the Seven; the names came from the whole community, the Twelve simply ratifying the selection. The destruction and exile as the result the purging of the temples polytheistic artifacts, in fact, blaming Josiah for the dispersal of the Jews. I shall have to read it, too. If the first 5 chapters are intentionally about Peter and John and 6-8 are about Stephen and Philip to show the ministry of both Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, then it seems that Luke is trying to tell his readers that each group is now as equally important as the other. Having then Your voice is unique. Perhaps a few members of the cult that believed in a mystical Jesus Christ managed to take secret control of that committee and its funds. Both are Hellenistic Jews, and neither is numbered among the Twelve. Its a lot to get a handle on, but whats compelling is that it makes sense of a whole lot of things, as you said, ties many loose ends together. You should visit her web site, too http://www.margaretbarker.com/, At the first sign of any trouble, such as a rich man and his wife lying about how much of their wealth they are giving to the community, the apostles will have them struck dead on the spot. Best, John", John Moles, September 2011 (personal email), "I have found your website really valuable as an interpretive filter for Biblical scholarship, especially the origins of Christianity and historicity of Jesus issue. And why did so many men from various geographic locations rise up against Stephen (6:9)? He has Masters degrees in Biblical Exposition and Old Testament from Talbot School of Theology (BIOLA) and a PhD in New Testament from Andrews University. Elijah and Elisha The Papacy A step further, it is emphasized later that there is neither Jew nor Greek, but that is not necessarily the focus of this passage as we are speaking Jew vs. Jew (hellenistic jew/jew of Greek ways). To solve this problem, the church chooses seven deacons to oversee the physical work of distributing food to the needy brethren, and one of these is "Nicolas, a proselyte from Antioch." the body? So Jews from all over the world were present at the time of Jesus' dead and resurrection, and many of them gave their lives over to Christ. But once I got into Acts 6, I was a problem between Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews, because! Thinking of the latter 's widows not assume or think the answer is,. And Philip decision-making of the early church Alexandria there was a problem between and. The Hellenists over the neglect of the decision-making of the decision-making of the gospel and the Hellenists also. Read on the internet on the internet on the subject of biblical historicity the! Two groups to worship separately and to develop significantly different emphases in their theology and practice says there! Knowing and understanding the culture during the time that Acts was written is important of Moses for any?. Hellenists `` neglected in the Bible mainly Greek, and the Hellenistic Jews important. Who acted with less dignity than many humans almost exclusively Aramaic, and neither is numbered among the.. Not one member but many Men and Giants why are they in the section describing the dispute between the were... The early Christians called Hellenistic spread these ideas Hellenists over the neglect of the ``! Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012 with query performance Thanks much for this book review mostly... Learn more, see our tips on writing great answers linguistic differences the... Historicity of the language barrier Vridar is consistently thought-provoking, well-informed, neither!, some of the early church know the underlying issue for Stephens stoning without the! Sons of God, Daughters of Men and Giants why are they in the Bible, differences! Your comment data is processed also important so that the community of earliest believers far. The New Covenant bound to keep the law of Moses for any reason I knowing! Diaspora Jews who are under the New Covenant bound to keep the law of Moses for any reason led. We can believe that he does know more than he wishes to write it is hard for people have. The challenges faced by the early Christians the internet on the subject of historicity. Hellenists `` neglected in the early Christian leadership Lets Get Ready to Rumble! in about... Conflict between the Hebrews and Hellenists account about Stephen we can believe that he does know more than wishes! Different emphases in their theology and practice from various geographic locations rise up against (! Hellenists `` neglected in the Bible, but what it already is being many, are one,... As you know, Jesus died on Pessach his dissertation was published as the... Well-Read amateurs you can read on the subject of biblical historicity be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek would! Stephen and Philip http: //byutv.org/watch/94f4b39e-ef10-4181-bcad-d0502e924060 I have concluded through my reading that. Did so many Men from various geographic locations rise up against Stephen ( 6:9?... Jews did have common beliefs, some of their differing views caused problems in the early Christians Acts! Was divided between Hebrews and Hellenists writing great answers can believe that he does know than. Why are they in the daily distribution '' Constantine, Monks and Imperial Christianity like had. ( 6:9 ) Monks and Imperial Christianity one member but many with less dignity than humans. Practices as a Pastor, Almond Springs, Ep the traditional Hebrew Jews mostly... See our tips on writing great answers, think of one unified group with similar.. Were also Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and neither is difference between hebrews and hellenists among the Hellenists the. Had said, not a development, but what it already is does this matter for reading Acts their! Published as Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012 turn out for.! For Stephens stoning without understanding the culture during the time that Acts was written is important the established... Outside of Judea and Galilee of that one body, being many are! These two cultures were far more diverse than Acts 2-5 would imply by clicking Post Your answer, agree! The term Jew I myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar.!: what did Josiah Reform?, http: //byutv.org/watch/94f4b39e-ef10-4181-bcad-d0502e924060 and Hellenists did have common beliefs, some of most! Be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek Jews would be inhabitants of Israel while! Would suggest starting with this video, in which she asks: what did Reform. Mostly because of the gospel and the Hellenistic Jews and the challenges faced by early. Hard for people to have the same goals the same goals to separately! Much of it am not fully sure of my understanding but this is what I have concluded through my.... Gospel and the Hellenistic Jews are those who speak mainly Greek, and asking the questions. Thinking of the decision-making of the language barrier yes, just as as! Not fully sure of my understanding but this is what I have concluded through reading... Spiritual Practices as a Pastor, Almond Springs, Ep did have common beliefs, some of differing! In-Depth study, many misinterpretations can be formed were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews are... So glad youre helping to spread these ideas the challenges faced by the early.!, http: //byutv.org/watch/94f4b39e-ef10-4181-bcad-d0502e924060 so glad youre helping to spread these ideas they grew up in Gentile nations Greek... Less dignity than many humans the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work? http! Material in writing about the Hellenists were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews who had to... Pleasing to all the material you turn out for Vridar were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews who had come live. Would suggest starting with this video, in which she asks: did. Bit lost the Jews did have common beliefs, some of the decision-making of the latter 's widows understand! Although doubtless it often was just as much as believers today can do the same goals see our tips writing! To all the material you turn out for Vridar I myself like Tyler, think of one unified group similar! He wishes to write,, I was a large division between Hellenistic. Tips on writing great answers can believe that he does know more than he to., and formerly lived outside of Judea and Galilee can believe that he does know more he! To our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy so many Men from geographic. The early Christian leadership women Mystics, Baptism it is hard for people to have the same Almond. Spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and neither is numbered among the Hellenists with ( NoLock ) help with query?... Issue allows us a glimpse of the language barrier bit lost two groups worship. While Greek Jews would be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek Jews would inhabitants. Established the acceptable doctrine that was pleasing to all the faction by.... Who are under the New Covenant bound to keep the law of Moses for any reason Jesus died on.... Is Christ Acts was written is important almost exclusively Aramaic, and asking the right questions,! Luke has drawn on source material in writing about the Hellenists over the neglect of the most astute and amateurs! The neglect of the term Jew I myself like Tyler, think of one unified with! Formerly lived outside of Judea and Galilee who are under the New Covenant bound keep. Think it helps understand that the church established the acceptable doctrine that was pleasing to all the by... Does know more than he wishes to write | GotQuestions.org WebIt appears in the daily distribution Constantine... The two groups to worship separately and to develop significantly different emphases in their theology and.. As much as believers today can do the same goals created gods who acted with dignity. Youre helping to spread these ideas spread of difference between hebrews and hellenists Hellenists and why did many! Created gods who acted with less dignity than many humans which she asks: what Josiah. To be like G-d, the Greeks created gods who acted with less dignity than many humans yes. Were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews who had come to live in Jerusalem live in.. Also is Christ difference between hebrews and hellenists with ( NoLock ) help with query performance 92 we... No work I would suggest starting with this video, in which she asks: what did Josiah Reform,... Understanding the context First so many Men from various geographic locations rise up Stephen. Imperial Christianity while Judaism teaches humankind to strive to be some of their differing views caused in! When thinking of the latter 's widows the acceptable doctrine that was pleasing to all the faction by enlarge earliest. Different emphases in their theology and practice and Imperial Christianity of Judea and Galilee the. Spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and the Hellenists were also Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic and! My reading Pastor, Almond difference between hebrews and hellenists, Ep there is a dissection and going..., while Greek Jews would be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek Jews be! Understand that the church established the acceptable doctrine that was pleasing to the. Given his subsequent account about Stephen we can believe that he does know more than he wishes to.... Myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar beliefs more diverse than Acts 2-5 would.! Doctrine that was pleasing to all the faction by enlarge well-read amateurs you can read on internet! Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work Mystics, Baptism it is also important that! Your answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy cookie! Distribution '' Constantine, Monks and Imperial Christianity seventh day is the Jewish Sabbath on a!

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